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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chess (Schachprogramm)</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Chess</b> (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Deutsche_Sprache" title="Deutsche Sprache">deutsch</a></span> <span lang="de-Latn">„Schach“</span>) war ein frühes <a href="Schachprogramm" title="Schachprogramm">Schachprogramm</a>, das in den 1970er-Jahren die <a href="Computerschach" title="Computerschach">Computerschachszene</a> beherrschte. In der Zeit von 1970 bis 1979 gewann es acht Mal die <a href="North_American_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="North American Computer Chess Championship">Nordamerikanische Computerschachmeisterschaft</a>. Darüber hinaus wurde es 1977 <a href="World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">Computerschachweltmeister</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>
<p>Entwickelt wurde die <a href="Software" title="Software">Software</a> <i>Chess</i> ab 1968 von <a href="Student" title="Student">Studenten</a> der <a href="Vereinigte_Staaten" title="Vereinigte Staaten">amerikanischen</a> <a href="Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> <i>(UW)</i> (nahe <a href="Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>), zunächst durch Larry Atkin und Keith Gorlen. Mitte 1969 stieß ihr <a href="Kommilitone" title="Kommilitone">Kommilitone</a> David Slate dazu. Das Programm lief auf <a href="Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">Supercomputern</a> von <i><a href="Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data</a></i>. Eine frühe Version war <i>Chess 3.0</i>, die im September 1970 zur ersten großen Computerschachmeisterschaft der Geschichte antrat.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dabei handelte es sich um die <i>1st ACM United States Computer Chess Championship</i>, die wenige Jahre später zur <a href="North_American_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="North American Computer Chess Championship">Nordamerikanischen Computerschachmeisterschaft</a> wurde. Organisiert wurde sie durch die <i><a href="Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM)</i>, in Person von <a href="Monty_Newborn" title="Monty Newborn">Monty Newborn</a>, damals <a href="Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a> für <a href="Elektrotechnik" title="Elektrotechnik">Elektrotechnik</a> an der <i><a href="Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></i> in <i><a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zum Turnier zugelassen waren alle Arten von <a href="Computer" title="Computer">Computern</a> und Schachprogrammen. <i>Chess 3.0</i> gewann das Turnier und wurde <a href="North_American_Computer_Chess_Championship#Geschichte" title="North American Computer Chess Championship">erster Computerschachmeister der USA</a>.
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<div><b>Chess 4.7 – David Levy</b><br>Toronto 1978, 4. Match-Partie</div>
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<td class="hintergrundfarbe-basis" style="padding:0 4px;">4</td>
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<td class="hintergrundfarbe-basis" style="padding:0 4px;">2</td>
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<td class="hintergrundfarbe-basis" style="padding:0 4px;">1</td>
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<td class="hintergrundfarbe-basis" style="padding:0 4px;">1</td>
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<td style="width:11%">a</td><td style="width:11%">b</td>
<td style="width:11%">c</td><td style="width:11%">d</td>
<td style="width:11%">e</td><td style="width:11%">f</td>
<td style="width:11%">g</td><td style="width:11%">h</td>
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<div class="thumbcaption">Stellung nach 55. Td7–c7: Levy, als Schwarzer, gab auf.</div></div></div>
<p>In den folgenden Jahren wurde <i>Chess</i> kontinuierlich verbessert und gewann mit unterschiedlichen Versionsnummern (zuletzt <i>4.9</i> im Jahr 1979), und mit nur zwei Ausnahmen (1974 <i><a href="Ribbit" title="Ribbit">Ribbit</a></i> und 1978 <i><a href="Belle_(Schach)" title="Belle (Schach)">Belle</a></i>), alle weiteren Nordamerikanischen Computerschachmeisterschaften der 1970er-Jahre.
</p><p>Auf dem <a href="Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">Supercomputer</a> <i>CDC Cyber 176</i> des damaligen amerikanischen Herstellers <a href="Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a> (CDC) laufend, erreichte die Version <i>4.7</i> eine Spielstärke (<a href="Elo-Zahl" title="Elo-Zahl">Elo-Zahl</a>) von 2030 und schlug im Jahr 1978 – was damals als Sensation wahrgenommen wurde – einen <a href="Internationaler_Meister" title="Internationaler Meister">Internationalen Schach-Meister</a> (IM <a href="David_Levy_(Schachspieler)" title="David Levy (Schachspieler)">David Levy</a>) in einer regulären Turnierpartie (siehe auch: <a href="David_Levy_(Schachspieler)#Computerschach" title="David Levy (Schachspieler)">Chess 4.7 gegen David Levy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-douglas197812_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douglas197812-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<p><a href="Dieter_Steinwender" title="Dieter Steinwender">Dieter Steinwender</a> und <a href="Frederic_Friedel" title="Frederic Friedel">Frederic Friedel</a>: <i>Schach am PC – Bits und Bytes im königlichen Spiel</i>, Pearson Education 1998, S. 76–79, ISBN 978-3-87791-522-6.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dieter Steinwender und Frederic Friedel: <i>Schach am PC – Bits und Bytes im königlichen Spiel</i>, Pearson Education 1998, S. 76, ISBN 978-3-87791-522-6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/18/us/it-s-man-over-machine-as-chess-champion-beats-computer-he-calls-tough-opponent.html">It’s Man Over Machine as Chess Champion Beats Computer He Calls Tough Opponent</a></i> Artikel in der <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> vom 18. Februar 1996 (englisch), abgerufen am 29. November 2017.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-douglas197812-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-douglas197812_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. R. Douglas: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1978-12/1978_12_BYTE_03-12_Life#page/n85/mode/2up"><cite>Chess 4.7 versus David Levy – The Computer Beats a Chess Master</cite></a> In: <cite><a href="Byte_(Zeitschrift)" title="Byte (Zeitschrift)">BYTE</a></cite>, Dezember 1978, S. 84. Abgerufen im 2. Dezember 2018 (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=newspaperArticle&rft.subject=News&rft.au=J.%26nbsp%3BR.+Douglas&rft.title=Chess+4.7+versus+David+Levy%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+The+Computer+Beats+a+Chess+Master&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1978-12%2F1978_12_BYTE_03-12_Life%23page%2Fn85%2Fmode%2F2up&rft.source=%5B%5BByte+%28Zeitschrift%29%7CBYTE%5D%5D&rft.pages=84&rft.date=Dezember+1978&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
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<div class="klappleiste-kopf"><a href="World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">Computerschachweltmeister</a></div>
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<p>1974: <a href="Kaissa" title="Kaissa">Kaissa</a> |
1977: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chess 4.6</a> |
1980: <a href="Belle_(Schach)" title="Belle (Schach)">Belle</a> |
1983: <a href="Cray_Blitz" title="Cray Blitz">Cray Blitz</a> |
1986: <a href="Cray_Blitz" title="Cray Blitz">Cray Blitz</a> |
1989: <a href="Deep_Thought_(Schachcomputer)" title="Deep Thought (Schachcomputer)">Deep Thought</a> |
1992: <a href="Rebel_(Schachprogramm)" title="Rebel (Schachprogramm)">Rebel</a> |
1995: <a href="Fritz_(Schachprogramm)" title="Fritz (Schachprogramm)">Fritz 3</a> |
1999: <a href="Shredder_(Schachprogramm)" title="Shredder (Schachprogramm)">Shredder</a> |
2002: <a href="Junior_(Schachprogramm)" title="Junior (Schachprogramm)">Deep Junior 7</a> |
2003: <a href="Shredder_(Schachprogramm)" title="Shredder (Schachprogramm)">Shredder</a> |
2004: <a href="Junior_(Schachprogramm)" title="Junior (Schachprogramm)">Junior</a> |
2005: <a href="Zappa_(Schachprogramm)" title="Zappa (Schachprogramm)">Zappa</a> |
2006: <a href="Junior_(Schachprogramm)" title="Junior (Schachprogramm)">Junior</a> |
2007: <a href="Rybka" title="Rybka">Rybka</a> |
2008: <a href="Rybka" title="Rybka">Rybka</a> |
2009: <a href="Rybka" title="Rybka">Rybka</a> |
2010: <a href="Rybka" title="Rybka">Rybka</a> |
2011: <a href="Junior_(Schachprogramm)" title="Junior (Schachprogramm)">Junior</a> |
2013: <a href="Junior_(Schachprogramm)" title="Junior (Schachprogramm)">Junior</a> |
2015: <a href="Jonny_(Schachprogramm)" title="Jonny (Schachprogramm)">Jonny</a> |
2016: <a href="Komodo_(Schach)" title="Komodo (Schach)">Komodo</a> |
2017: <a href="Komodo_(Schach)" title="Komodo (Schach)">Komodo</a> |
2018: <a href="Komodo_(Schach)" title="Komodo (Schach)">Komodo</a> |
2019: <a href="Komodo_(Schach)" title="Komodo (Schach)">Komodo</a>
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<div class="klappleiste-kopf"><a href="North_American_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="North American Computer Chess Championship">Nordamerikanischer Computerschachmeister</a></div>
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<p>1970: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chess 3.0</a> |
1971: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chess 3.5</a> |
1972: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chess 3.6</a> |
1973: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chess 4.0</a> |
1974: <a href="Ribbit" title="Ribbit">Ribbit</a> |
1975: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chess 4.4</a> |
1976: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chess 4.5</a> |
1977: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chess 4.6</a> |
1978: <a href="Belle_(Schach)" title="Belle (Schach)">Belle</a> |
1979: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chess 4.9</a> |
1980: <a href="Belle_(Schach)" title="Belle (Schach)">Belle</a> |
1981: <a href="Belle_(Schach)" title="Belle (Schach)">Belle</a> |
1982: <a href="Belle_(Schach)" title="Belle (Schach)">Belle</a> |
1983: <a href="Cray_Blitz" title="Cray Blitz">Cray Blitz</a> |
1984: <a href="Cray_Blitz" title="Cray Blitz">Cray Blitz</a> |
1985: <a href="HiTech_(Schach)" title="HiTech (Schach)">HiTech</a> |
1986: <a href="Belle_(Schach)" title="Belle (Schach)">Belle</a> |
1987: <a href="ChipTest" title="ChipTest">ChipTest</a> |
1988: <a href="Deep_Thought_(Schachcomputer)" title="Deep Thought (Schachcomputer)">Deep Thought 0.02</a> |
1989: <a href="HiTech_(Schach)" title="HiTech (Schach)">HiTech</a> |
1990: <a href="Deep_Thought_(Schachcomputer)" title="Deep Thought (Schachcomputer)">Deep Thought</a> |
1991: <a href="Deep_Thought_(Schachcomputer)" title="Deep Thought (Schachcomputer)">Deep Thought II</a> |
1993: <a href="Socrates_(Schachprogramm)" title="Socrates (Schachprogramm)">Socrates</a> |
1994: <a href="Deep_Thought_(Schachcomputer)" title="Deep Thought (Schachcomputer)">Deep Thought II</a>
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